Screening of Depression Among Medical Outpatients Visiting the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, Rwanda.

Background: Depression is a significant global public health concern, affecting individuals across different age groups and cultural backgrounds. However, screening for depression remains an essential but often neglected aspect of healthcare, particularly in outpatient settings. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression among outpatients visiting the internal medicine department of the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali in Rwanda and evaluate the feasibility of implementing a depression screening program in this setting. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 300 adult medical outpatients through convenience sampling, aged 18 years and above, who visited the internal medicine department between October 7 to November 6, 2019. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used as the screening tool to assess depressive symptoms. Additionally, socio-demographic and clinical data were collected to explore potential risk factors associated with depression using a binary logistic regression model. Results: A high prevalence of depression was identified among internal medicine outpatients, with 45.7% of participants screened positive for depression, with moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression accounting for 21%, 17%, and 8%, respectively. The following factors were significantly associated with positive screening for depression: lack of formal education (OR=4.463, p=0.011, 95% CI= [1.410; 14.127]), secondary education (OR=3.402, p=0.003, 95% CI= [1.517; 7.630]), low-income (OR=2.392, p=0.049, 95% CI= [1.003; 5.706]) and headache as a chief complaint (OR=3.611, p=0.001, CI= [1.718; 7.591]). Conclusion: This study highlights the high prevalence of depression among medical outpatients. Due to the stigma associated with mental health, patients frequently seek help for physical symptoms such as headaches and other bodily complaints rather than mental health concerns. Introducing routine depression screening in medical departments could potentially facilitate early identification, and intervention, and lead to improved patient care. Future research should focus on evaluating such screening programs' effectiveness and long-term outcomes in resource-limited settings like Rwanda.

The prevalence and clinical context of antimicrobial resistance amongst medical inpatients at a referral hospital in Rwanda: a cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern. AMR surveillance is a crucial component of the international response; however, passive surveillance of laboratory data is limited without corresponding patient-level clinical data. This study sought to examine the burden of AMR amongst medical inpatients in Rwanda, in the context of their clinical presentations and prior antibiotic exposures. METHODS: This cohort study was conducted over a 9-month period at a tertiary referral hospital in Kigali, Rwanda. We enrolled 122 adult medical inpatients with a history of fever and a positive microbiological culture result. Data were collected regarding the clinical and microbiological aspects of their admission. RESULTS: The most common diagnoses were urinary tract infection (n = 36, 30%), followed by pneumonia (n = 30, 25%) and bacteraemia (11 primary [9%] and 10 catheter-related [8%]). The most common pathogens were E. coli (n = 40, 33%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 36, 30%). The cohort were heavily antibiotic-exposed at the time of culture with 98% of patients (n = 119) having received an antibiotic prior to culture, with a median exposure of 3 days (IQR 2-4 days). Eighty patients (66%) were specifically prescribed ceftriaxone at the time of culture. Gram-negative organisms predominated (82% [100/122]) and exhibited high rates of resistance, with only 27% (21/77) being susceptible to ceftriaxone, 2.4% (2/82) susceptible to co-amoxiclav and 44% (8/18) susceptible to ciprofloxacin. Susceptibility amongst Gram-negatives was relatively preserved to amikacin (91%, 79/87) and imipenem (85%, 70/82). There were no cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (0/12) or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (0/2). Discordant antibiotic therapy was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (OR 6.87, 95%CI 1.80-45.1, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: This cohort highlights high rates of resistance amongst Gram-negative organisms in Rwanda, including the presence of carbapenem resistance. Nonetheless, the detailed prescribing data also highlight the challenges of using routine laboratory data to infer broader AMR prevalence. The significant exposure to empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy prior to culturing introduces a selection bias and risks over-estimating the burden of resistant organisms. Broadening access to microbiological services and active surveillance outside of teaching hospitals are essential to support national and international efforts to curb the growth of AMR in low-resource settings.

Corrigendum: Long-Term Impact of Single Epilepsy Training on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices: Comparison of Trained and Untrained Rwandan Community Health Workers.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.645598.].

Third COVID-19 vaccine dose boosts antibody function in Rwandans with high HIV viral load.

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) causing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) poses a greater health risk to immunocompromized individuals including people living with HIV (PLWH). However, most studies on PLWH have been conducted in higher-income countries. We investigated the post-vaccination antibody responses of PLWH in Rwanda by collecting peripheral blood from participants after receiving a second or third COVID-19 vaccine. Virus-binding antibodies as well as antibody neutralization ability against all major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern were analyzed. We found that people with high HIV viral loads and two COVID-19 vaccine doses had lower levels of binding antibodies that were less virus neutralizing and less cross-reactive compared to control groups. A third vaccination increased neutralizing antibody titers. Our data suggest that people with high HIV viral loads require a third dose of vaccine to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 virus and new variants as they emerge.

Prevalence and characteristics associated with diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose among people aged 15 to 64 years in rural and urban Rwanda: secondary data analysis of World Health Organization surveillance data.

Introduction: diabetes mellitus is an increasing public health burden in developing countries. The magnitude of diabetes association with traditional risk factors for diabetes have been given less attention in rural population. This study aims to determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose and to assess associated characteristics to hyperglycemia in rural and urban Rwanda. Methods: this is a secondary analysis of data from a population-based cross-sectional study of 7240 people describing risk factors for non-communicable diseases using the WHO stepwise methods (STEPS). Relative frequencies of variables of interest were compared in rural and urban residence using Pearson chi-square tests. Diabetes and impaired fasting glucose were combined in a single hyperglycemia variable and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to explore associations between hyperglycemia, socio-demographic and health factors in urban and rural populations. Results: the prevalence in rural and urban areas was 7.5% and 9.7% (p.005) for diabetes and 5.0% and 6.2% for impaired fasting glucose (p.079) respectively. Obesity (AOR 2.57: CI: 0.86-7.9), high total cholesterol (AOR 3.83: CI: 2.03-7.208), hypertension (AOR 1.18: CI: 0.69-2.00), increasing age were associated with hyperglycemia in urban participants but only high total cholesterol and low high density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol were risk factors for hyperglycemia in rural participants. Conclusion: approximately one in six people in Rwanda have hyperglycemia. The magnitude of the association with traditional risk factors for diabetes differ in rural and urban settings. Different approaches to primary and secondary prevention of diabetes may be needed in rural populations.

Long-Term Impact of Single Epilepsy Training on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices: Comparison of Trained and Untrained Rwandan Community Health Workers.

Objectives: To close the epilepsy treatment gap and reduce related stigma, eradication of misconceptions is importantIn 2014, Community Health Workers (CHWs) from Musanze (Northern Rwanda) were trained on different aspects of epilepsy. This study compared knowledge, attitude and practices (KAPs) towards epilepsy of trained CHWs 3 years after training, to untrained CHWs from Rwamagana (Eastern Rwanda). Methods: An epilepsy KAP questionnaire was administered to 96 trained and 103 untrained CHWs. Demographic and intergroup KAP differences were analysed by response frequencies. A multivariate analyses was performed based on desired and undesired response categories. Results: Epilepsy awareness was high in both groups, with better knowledge levels in trained CHWs. Negative attitudes were lowest in trained CHWs, yet 17% still reported misconceptions. Multivariate analysis demonstrated the impact of the training, irrespective of age, gender and educational level. Knowing someone with epilepsy significantly induced more desired attitudes. Conclusion: Despite demographic differences between trained and untrained CHWs, a single epilepsy training resulted in significant improvement of desired KAPs after 3 years. Nation-wide CHW training programs with focus on training-resistant items, e.g., attitudes, are recommended.